Mcdonalds A Fast Food Chain - 1896 Words

McDonald’s Corporation is a multinational fast-food chain, established on 15 May, 1940 in San Bernardino, California, U.S.A. McDonald’s is well-known for their production of burgers in the fast food industry and are substantial players of delivering quick, reliable and convenient service to consumers. Since then, McDonald’s has been very successful in expanding its â€Å"Golden Arch† logo and methodology worldwide. Furthermore, McDonald’s is a dominant figure in the development of globalisation and has made an impact on food culture globally. McDonald’s menu expanded from cheeseburgers, French fries to include coffee, fruits, salads and wraps in response to target other consumers other than children and teenagers. They have been hugely successful for their spread of franchisees across the world. In addition, McDonald’s also aims to be sustainable economically, environmentally and socially across the world. It intends to achieve these t hree aims by implementing changes to its work ethics, suppliers and shareholders. However, in every success there are always criticisms. McDonald’s is often criticised for the food and its business practices, all of these factored into the health and wellbeing of every customer domestically and internationally. As there are researches and case studies out there focusing on the meat quality of McDonald’s burgers et cetera, very few talked about the other items that are included in McDonald’s menu such as coffee. Coffee remains to be a beneficialShow MoreRelatedThe Worlds Largest Chain of Fast-Food: McDonalds2102 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: McDonald is the world’s largest chain of fast-food chain of restaurants, which operates in the 119 countries of the world. It serves the 68 million customers daily. The company was first started in 1940 as small hamburger stand in California by Richard and Maurice McDonald. In 1948 it started to sell the hamburgers. In 1955 Ray Kroc joined the company as a franchise agent and then there was a massive growth for the company. The primary products of the McDonald’s are hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chickenRead MoreFast Food Chains And Customer Satisfaction Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pagesmany fast food chains operating around the world today. They are operating in the same competitive environment. Fast food chains have been competing with each other since the 1950s. Competitors in the fast food industry compete with each other on key attributes like price, service quality, access, product selection, innovation and customer satisfaction. Fast food chains around the world frequ ently engage in price wars. They lower their prices in order to gain more market share. Fast food chains changeRead MoreMcdonald s An Example Of A Service / Product Mix Essay1704 Words   |  7 Pageslooking at McDonald’s. McDonald’s is an example of a service/product mix – it is more service than product and it is intangible. McDonald’s Our whole concept was based on speed, lower prices and volume. A guy comes in; you ask him what he wants on his burgers; he says, I got to go back to the car to ask my wife. Wouldn t work. Mr McDonald McDonald’s is the largest fast food chain in the world both in terms of customers served and revenue generated. McDonald’s is a chain of fastRead MoreEssay about Competition Among Fast Food Chains1639 Words   |  7 PagesCompetition Among Fast Food Chains MARKETING INFORMATION NEED FOR THE FAST FOOD INDUSTRY To begin with, for the fast food industry around the world, the leading fast food chains; marketing information is wrapped around from convenience location, changing preference, quality of food, pricing of fast food, potential customers, age of the customers, menu selection and diversification and last of all superior service. From marketing perspective, LOCATION for the fast food service toRead MoreThe Marketing Strategy Adopted By Mcdonald Essay856 Words   |  4 Pagesstrategy adopted by McDonald’s in order to adequately prepare the company for changes that occurred in the fast-food market. The aim of this case study is to depict the Healthy Menu which is part of the marketing strategy called Plan to Win Strategy that had been announced in 2003 after the company reported two consecutive years of loss. On the 7th May 2004, a documentary called Super Size Me was released to make people aware of the risks of having a diet based on fast food. McDonald’s was the focus ofRead MoreMcdonald s And Obesity : A Big Part On Why Americans Are Obese1690 Words   |  7 PagesSummary: The case study on McDonald’s and obesity discusses how McDonald’s is a big part on why Americans are obese. McDonald’s is the most famous, successful fast food restaurant not only in the United States, but worldwide. This is because McDonald’s is convenient, affordable, fast, and located literally everywhere. Many individuals blame McDonald’s for being the ultimate cause of obesity in the United States. This is because McDonald’s targets young children by creating the happy meals and addingRead MoreMcDonalds Supply Chain Management1142 Words   |  5 PagesMcDonald’s Supply Chain Supply chain management, or SCM, is concerned with managing the inputs of goods or services for final users from acquiring the raw materials through the end of the product’s useful life. The inputs of goods or services include a wide variety of activities not only in a single department in a company but also from different departments and outside the company; they are cross-functional activities that contain increasingly complex networks supply chains in the businessRead MoreEffective Advertising Planning and Implementation Paper1432 Words   |  6 PagesEffective Advertising Planning and Implementation Paper Name Date Instructor Effective Advertising Planning and Implementation Paper McDonalds Fast Food McDonalds is the largest chain of fast food restaurants that was founded in 1940 in San Bernardino, California by Ray Kroc. The company is currently headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois. There are 47 million customers served each day in the franchise. The total employees that were recorded in 2008 were 40,000, which are spread all overRead MoreMcdonalds Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesMcDonalds Faces Millennial Challenge by: Julie Jargon Aug 25, 2014 TOPICS:  Change; Competitive Positioning SUMMARY:  McDonalds is losing its luster with younger consumers. Customers in their 20s and 30s are defecting to competitors, in particular so-called fast-casual restaurants like Chipotle Mexican Grill and gourmet-burger chain Five Guys. Younger diners are seeking out fresher, healthier food and chains that offer customizable menu options for little more than the price of a combo mealRead MoreF 2014 McDonalds 21511 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿McDonalds Faces Millennial Challenge by: Julie Jargon Aug 25, 2014 TOPICS:  Change; Competitive Positioning SUMMARY:  McDonalds is losing its luster with younger consumers. Customers in their 20s and 30s are defecting to competitors, in particular so-called fast-casual restaurants like Chipotle Mexican Grill and gourmet-burger chain Five Guys. Younger diners are seeking out fresher, healthier food and chains that offer customizable menu options for little more than the price of a combo meal.

The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1201 Words

Inherently Flawed Nature â€Å"Here, there was the taint of deepest sin in the most sacred quality of human life, working such effect, that the world was only the darker for this woman’s beauty, and the more lost for the infant that she had borne† (Hawthorne 52). Nathaniel Hawthorne, a Dark Romanticism writer provides the book The Scarlet Letter, focusing on the idea of sin in a Puritan society exploring the basis of evil, sin, self destruction and mystery with the influence of Transcendentalism. The story comes to life on paper, March 16, 1850. Hawthorne was born 1804 and has family connections to the Salem Witch Trials creating heavy Puritan influence. The main character, Hester†¦show more content†¦Instead of the normal treatment which would be death, Dimmesdale has mercy on her. â€Å"The penalty thereof is death. But in their great mercy and tenderness of heart they have doomed Mistress Prynne to stand only a space of three hours on the platform of the pi llory, and then and thereafter, for the remainder of her natural life to wear a mark of shame upon her bosom (Hawthorne 59). Since Dimmesdale is the minister of the town, he is able to bend the rules and punishments foreshadowing what relationship and affections he may have towards Hester and Pearl. Through time the society begins to change their perspective on Hester; â€Å"Such helpfulness was found in her—so much power to do, and power to sympathise—that many people refused to interpret the scarlet A by its original signification. They said that it meant Able, so strong was Hester Prynne, with a woman s strength† (Hawthorne167). Although the letter A has a negative perspective influencing the way Hester is viewed, towards the end it changes and evolves into a form of identity for her, having everyone view the connection of the letter to her. Hester not only struggles physically but also mentally through the process of redeeming her name. Dimmesdale, as the Re verend of a Puritan society, is held to high expectations by the citizens, fighting an internal struggle hoping to someday let it out and gain his freedom. If Dimmesdale was found to be Pearl s father and the reason for Hester suffering,

Tort Law for Workplace - Health and Safety Act -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTort Law for Workplace, Health and Safety Act. Answer: The Workplace, Health and Safety Act, 2006 is a law that regulates the safety and healthy working environment of workplaces in Singapore (Phillips et al., 2015). Employers need to take effective steps to maintain a hazard free and healthy work environment. Risk can be eliminated by checking the plants, instruments and equipments which are used on a daily basis, creating awareness in the workplace, maintaining safe working facilities. Risk can be managed by identifying the risks that are prevalent or are foreseeable. The owners need to ensure that healthy habits are cultivated in the workplace (Hofman, Burke Zohar, 2017). Safety measures should be undertaken by everyone, irrespective of their position. Every person at workplace shall be made to take reasonable steps to make sure no hazardous activities take place. Risk can be managed by promoting health awareness and also penalizing the culprits who do not encourage safety and healthy working (Reese, 2015). Safety at workplace is a b asic right which is mandatory for the owners to ensure. If any hazard takes place in any working environment that harms or injures an employee, the owners or the stakeholders shall be made liable. The owners of a factory or a workplace owe a duty of care towards their employee and their safe working. Safety at work place is a universal concept which has to be ensured at every working environment. The Employer or the Stakeholder is the owner under The Workplace, Health and Safety Act, 2006. To conduct risk, there has to be a robust functioning team to assess the risk. The Risk Assessment Team will ascertain specific risk areas and try to redress the same (Kvorning, Hasle Christensen, 2015). The Risk Assessment Team will comprise of the Team Manager and a few members under him. The team will have contractors, suppliers, and also have representations from both managerial and non-managerial levels. The team shall identify all the risks attached with the workplace and shall identify the units that have chances of causing hazard at the workplace. Therefore to conduct risk assessment, a proper understanding and knowledge of the workplace is mandatory. Every department, work area has to be properly checked to ensure that there is no scope of risk. The risk assessment team has to be in constant touch with the employees to know if any department is at a risk. Hazards Identified Who might be harmed and how? What are they already doing? What further action(s) is/are necessary? Action by who? Falls from height The employers working on water tanks on the terrace without any proper head gear will suffer head injury. The RA Team does not give new head gears and does not provide metal slings to climb. Proper head gear has to be arranged and there is a need for an ambulance to take the injured to the hospital immediately. The suppliers and contractors have to provide sturdy head gears and metal slings. Slips, trips and falls The employers working on construction of marble floors. The RA team has made anti-skid floors which are not fully functional. Strictly ensure water damage clean up services and water restoration services. The sewage team has to be contacted who need to clean the residual water and make sure there is no water blockage. Falling objects Ceiling fell on employees who were working on the ground floor. The team is looking at the construction and ensuring no cheap and poor construction material has been used. Qualified engineers and contractors need to be hired who are equipped to construct long lasting buildings which are not prone to collapse. Suppliers of raw materials have to be properly hired who are responsible for providing substances for construction. Egg-shell rule applies in cases when the defendant could not have foreseen the damage caused by his action. In the present case, there was an unintentional damage which is used for the test of reasonable foresee ability (Gilber Gilbert, 2017). This tries to help the defendants in cases of damage that arises due to any fault of the defendant. In this case, a video was sent to Nancys mother wherein she believed that her daughter has drowned and died. In this case, there was no duty of care owed to Nancys mother and she suffered psychiatric injury as a result of her inability to take the news. Balu did not have any duty of care towards Nancys mother and he could not foresee that the video could trigger such an emotion in her mother that she would suffer psychiatric injury. The egg shell rule applies in this case which is the primary case in situations when the defendant cannot reasonably foresee any damage. Therefore no duty of care can be established in this case and therefore he cann ot be held liable. Kelvin is in charge of a canoe team in Dave School. The School plans to take students on a canoe trip and on the way suffer serious accident. Negligence is defined as the breach of a legal duty to take care (Goldberg, Sebok Zipursky, 2016). To prove a case of breach of legal duty, is it important to understand whether there existed a duty of care. There are three elements to establish negligence: There exists a duty of care and there has been a breach of that duty resulting in damage which is not too remote (Wright, 2017). Novus actus interveniens breaks the chain of causation in cases where the defendant wants to absolve himself of all his liabilities. Novus actus interveniens could be any act that has broken the chain of causation like Act of God (Avraham, 2014). In the present case, the practice was done on a rainy day hence, the accident could be foreseen by a man of prudence. Kelvin knew it was a rainy day hence there were maximum chances of an accident, therefore, Kelvin is li able for negligence. Kelvin owed a duty of care to his students and he has breached his duty of care. Dave School being the employer is vicariously liable for the acts of his employers, that is, Kelvin because he is the teacher. Reference Avraham, R. (2014). Database of state tort law reforms (5th). Gilbert, R. J., Gilbert, P. T. (2017).Maryland Tort Law Handbook. LexisNexis. Goldberg, J. C., Sebok, A. J., Zipursky, B. C. (2016).Tort Law: Responsibilities and Redress. Wolters Kluwer law business. Hofmann, D. A., Burke, M. J., Zohar, D. (2017). 100 years of occupational safety research: From basic protections and work analysis to a multilevel view of workplace safety and risk.Journal of Applied Psychology,102(3), 375. Kvorning, L. V., Hasle, P., Christensen, U. (2015). Motivational factors influencing small construction and auto repair enterprises to participate in occupational health and safety programmes.Safety science,71, 253-263. Phillips, J. A., Holland, M. G., Baldwin, D. D., Gifford-Meuleveld, L., Mueller, K. L., Perkison, B., ... Dreger, M. (2015). Marijuana in the workplace: Guidance for occupational health professionals and employers: Joint guidance statement of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses and the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.Workplace health safety,63(4), 139-164. Reese, C. D. (2015).Occupational health and safety management a practical approach. CRC press. Wright, J. (2017).Tort law and human rights. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Marketing Commodities Business and Services

Question: Describe about the Marketing Commodities for Business and Services. Answer: Introduction Marketing is the process of socializing the value of commodities and services to the customers with a target for selling the commodities and services. This process is quite vital procedure of business that concentrates on attracting the customers. If this functioning is appropriately planned and at the same time implemented properly then the firm can increase its sales, goodwill, brand, loyal customers, and profits. Now a day, business world desires to adopt every business in a workable marketing strategy as they can accomplished their aims and achieve high competitive benefits and at the same time could receive higher profits (Parker, 2016). Here, in this paper, the researcher has discussed the marketing strategy along with the marketing environment that presents the marketing analysis of Ecostore that aims to provide ecofriendly home care and beauty and personal care commodities. Company aims in proving its eco-friendly products to the environmentally friendly and aware consumers. The researcher has used different approaches and marketing strategy of Ecostore. This report discusses the marketing strategies like its products, customers, price, promotions; those are used by the company. And at last, the conclusion of the whole report has been provided that how and what strategies have been adopted by the company. Background and Positioning of Ecostore According to the website of Ecostore, the major aim of their business is to provide ecofriendly goods to the environmentally aware customers. The company was started by Malcolm Rands along with his wife Meanie in an eco-village in New Zealand. The company was founded in the year 1993. Malcolm Rands has always used sustainable and organic products in their layout but found that they are still very much exposed to toxic chemicals via cleaning products and body care products they are applying (Robin, 2003). Ecostore is a proud New Zealand Company, which is manufacturing its products in Auckland that are healthier for people and the environment. The Company first started its work on the laundry products with a commitment that their products would work as good as mainstream brands without creating any side effects. The commitment of the company still continues to today and still always examine the safety of an ingredient to the health of the people and to the environment. As the number of consumers grows, Ecostore went to Freemans Bay and opened its first retail store (Jackson, 2014). The company increased its products range that includes household cleaners, body and baby care commodities in 2005. The company got launched in the supermarkets of New Zealand in year the 2002, Australia in 2004, and in the United States in the year, 2009. In Ecostore, sustainable practices are all about to assured their business that remains viable and gives lasting advantages to the society and on environmental aspects. The firms approach to environmental strategy is accordance to the vigorous verification as well as regulation of material risks across entire phases of its business which begins from exploration to growth (Reinforcing sustainable practices by sharing cases of appropriation, 2013). The management of the company associates with all shareholders and apply their perspective in the decision-making within the company. The company owns and executes varieties of the products within different nations. The firms marketing environment includes the forces outside marketing which has impacts on marketing managements potentiality for establishing and maintaining accomplish transactions through its aimed consumers. The ranges of Ecostore are now over 100 products and have massive formulation and design makeover. The company was rebranded in the year 2012 and becomes more effective. For the successful management of the firm, it operates in a workforce that signifies its principles, values and the communities in which it functions. The company aims to recruit from its host societies to attract people who are committed to the accomplishment of the company as well as a flourish on performing in high performing groups (Skinner, 2002). The company is committed to developing the abilities and talents of its management. Ecostore now operates in over 100 products in New Zealand and is available in 900 supermarkets of Australia, Korea, Singapore, USA and many others. Sustainable Practices of Ecostore Sustainable practices rely on biodiversity along with its aligned ecosystem services like air and water. Today, competition for land and water resources is growing day by day and also there increases concentration from policy makers and various shareholders that effectively handle all these resources (Verbeek and Mommaas, 2008). In order to avoid environmental affects and at the same time to protect and safe environment, Ecostore has committed to environmental obligations which include that the company will not produce any product that can have a harmful effect on the environment. Ecostore is the only small and medium sized enterprise that is among the top five brands with ecofriendly results, along with the major companies like, Toyota and the Body Shop. The sustainable practices depend on the companys potentiality for obtaining a relevant quantity and quality of water (Bohannon, 2007). The CEO of the Ecostore Malcolm Rande stated that the ability of the company to stand out with hu ge brands in environmental products demonstrates the company determined to focus on providing healthier products and winning more customers. Ecostore, which was founded in the year 1993, was not only for providing products that are better for the environment but also for the health of peoples. Sustainability has been at the core of the company prospectus and objectives. The subject of the company regarding the sustainability is eco-friendly since its initiation. Malcolm Randes expresses that sustainability is a passion for their company and also works as a guide to it. The management of the Ecostore always ensures that the practices of sustainability get applied in the manufacturing process of the products (Rutkauskas, 2012). The Company also ensures that the practices are also involved in the selection procedures of suppliers, packaging, and other features of the business that includes staff management and the involvement of community. Eighty percent of the human population wants to buy products from organizations that are environmentally and socially responsible. Respondents of a research conveyed that the issue of sust ainability effects their choices or brand. Ecostore wants their consumers to look and examine critically the products they choose. The company regularly asks for feedback and response from its buyers, so that it could find some aided ways to enhance their products and service quality (Thiele, 2013). Company also identifies opportunities to educate the consumers on sustainability. . Marketing Strategy of Ecostore The marketing strategy of any company involves the examination of the market, and the question of which product to offer and what range of customers would be suitable for that price group. Ecostore has decided that there is a range of eco-friendly products demands due to continues pollution across the world (Robinson, 2012). Company marketing strategy involves the owning and operating the range of products that are only diversified with the tag of being environmental friendly. The strategy of the company has remained unchanged from the decade which has enabled it to gain superior margins throughout the economic and commodity cycles. Ecostore has always utilized a disciplined approach which has now become its proven strategy (Goodall, 2012). The strategy of the company thus allows it invest and grow their businesses throughout the economic cycles that have delivered them with strong relation with their shareholders. Some of the marketing strategy used by Ecostore has been mentioned be low: Ecostore main products, services, suppliers and customers Ecostore offers a wide range of commercial and health products. The company works in the field of Laundry, Dish wash; Home care products like hand and body wash products, skin and hair care products, baby and ultra-sensitive products. These products of the company are of good quality and always satisfy their customers. The suppliers and contractors list of this company also ranges in numbers. The company gets supply of its raw materials from major organization across the globe. Ecostore offers substitute products compare to other harsh products that are available at the retailers shop. The target audience for the Ecostore is that range or group of customers that have positive thinking regarding the eco-friendly products. The company also aims in targeting those females who dont want to affect their body and families from products that are made of toxic chemicals (Huang, Liang and Yi, 2015). As eighty percent of the people want sustainable products, the second target audience for the company is the females between the age group of 35-55. Ladies of these age bar are conscious about their family and environment and always chooses the best environmentally friendly products. Pricing Strategy of Ecostore Pricing strategy is one of the most important elements needed for the success of the company. It is directly related to the product positioning and is an important strategic issue. It is the strategy used by firms to attract customers into their company. Ecostore has a diverse range of opportunities in the todays world and also has the strength and flexibility to pursue these opportunities (Huang, Liang and Yi, 2015). The Company has implemented the strategy of safe productivity and quality assets to preserve the margins and for releasing stronger cash flows. Promotional strategy used by Ecostore Promotion means raising awareness among the customers of a certain product in order to generate sales and to create brand loyalty. It is one of the elements of marketing mix and if the strategy is implied appropriately, then it can play an important role in accomplishing the objective of the firm. The company has approached on a strategy that focuses on the value chain and developing cash returns to the shareholders. The company has created its value in all market conditions (?in?era et al., 2014). The company tremendously achieved growth after it started to sell eco-friendly products to consumers. The company has managed to create a reputed image before the people. The company is always focusing in emphasizing and characterizing the acquisition, mainly the influences of the products in the environment. The company has gained market share in the eco-friendly industry and has now become the market leader in the file of the eco-friendly products. Distribution strategy of Ecostore The foremost strategy of Ecostore is to own and operate large, low-cost and expandable assets that are distinguished by commodity, geography, and market. The strategies have made it imply more predictable business performance that reinforces the creation of values for shareholders, and other stakeholders. As the company is founded on diversification, it has recruited a workforce that reflects the values and the commodities in which it operates (Kim, Gi-Pyoung, 2010). The company aims in recruiting mostly from the host communities so that it can attract more calibre and capable individuals who are committed to the success of the organization. Ecostore is committed to developing the skills and talents of its workforce, and this makes the company look different from its competitors. Comparison of marketing mix between Ecostore and Earth Choice In order to meet worlds requirement for eco-friendly products is now the domain of the management of the Ecostore. One of major rival of Ecostore in terms of sell and revenue is another eco-friendly products manufacturer, namely, Earths Choice. The company has got an overall satisfaction rate of eighty percent in comparison to Ecostore, which got only seventy-five percent. Both the company has positive remarks in terms of cleanliness and environmental friendliness products (Kim, Gi-Pyoung, 2010). The average price for the laundry product of the Earth Choice is 6.65kg that is relatively lower than the price of Ecostore which is 8.35/kg. Another major competitor that wins over Ecostore in terms of price is Omo, which is a mainstream laundry brands and cost 6/kg for laundry products. SWOT Analysis of Ecostore Strengths- The foremost strength of the company is its environmental friendly products. This indicates to a point that the target market of the company would also the people who are eco-friendly. Another major strength of the company is that customers are getting satisfaction with its products. The sustainability programs of the company have been very positive in attracting customers towards the product which are ecofriendly. Strength of the company is its expansion in the range of products and high brand loyalty (Kim, Gi-Pyoung, 2010). The company has also expanded its e-commerce activities that have helped the company in getting more customers. Weakness- one of the foremost weaknesses of Ecostore is that the company has not yet managed to get number of layouts in the list developed countries except Australia. Many products of the company are at the verge of decline. Company also lacks expertise in advertising and many of its rivals just grab the market from their unique advertisement style. Opportunities- the world is now against the use of animal products, and as the products of Ecostore are eco-friendly it will surely gain more consumers. Ecostore has also the opportunity to expand its ecofriendly products program that will increase the awareness of organic and eco-friendly products to the people (Kim, Gi-Pyoung, 2010). Company can also expand its market through the medium of online sell, as there has continues increase in terms of online buyers. Threats- The major threat for the company is the shrinking and unstable economic condition that influence the people awareness and make them buy cheap and unhygienic products. Ecostore has also get tough competition in terms of body products as there are many rival companies that are also producing quality products. Another major threat for Ecostore is the risks of material supply. Conclusion and Recommendation From the above report, it has been concluded that in Ecostore, sustainable practices is all about assured their business that remains viable and gives lasting advantages to the society, environmental aspects. The firms approach to environmental strategy is accordance to the vigorous verification as well as regulation of material risks across entire phases of its business which begins from exploration to growth. The strategy of Ecostore is to own and execute broad, lower cost assets spread by market, commodity and to provide ecofriendly products. Their strategy has remained unmodified which has allowed them to give superior limits all over economic and product cycle for much more years (Esty and Winston, 2006). The study also identifies that Company can also expand its market through the medium of online sell, as there has continues increase in terms of online buyers. It also demonstrates that Ecostore is committed to developing the skills and talents of its workforce, and this makes the company look different from its competitors. Ecostore has implied various principles for their manufacturing and management practices that include the morals like developing products that are safer for the environment and are guaranteed to give better results than the ordinary market products. In order to avoid environmental effects and at the same time to protect and safe environment, Ecostore has committed to environmental obligations which include that the company will not use any of the toxic chemicals that are harmful for humankind and for environment. The firm also develops principles and values in their Environment GLD for guiding their business in developing compensatory actions. The company should look for its current issues and threats and need to make strategies according to it for gaining a competitive advantage over its competitors. Ecostore needs to implement various strategies in the form of acquisition, mergers, and joint venture to increase its market. The company should also advertise more and should also extend their market to the men. References Bohannon, J. (2007). Guiding Countries and Companies to Sustainable Practices. Science. ?in?era, J., Stejskal, J., Mach, M. and Lupa?, M. (2014). Organic food is fertilised at night: Why people (do not) buy environmentally friendly products. Envigogika, 9(1). Esty, D. and Winston, A. (2006). Green to gold. New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press. Goodall, C. (2012). Sustainability. London: Hodder Stoughton. Huang, C., Liang, W. and Yi, S. (2015). Cloud-based design for disassembly to create environmentally friendly products. J Intell Manuf. Jackson, T. (2014). Local Economy special edition on Australia and New Zealand: Commentary. Local Economy, 30(1), pp.5-11. Kim, Gi-Pyoung, (2010). A study on the CRM strategy for medium and small industry of distribution. journalofdistributionscience, 8(3), pp.37-47. Parker, M. (2016). Price-setting behaviour in New Zealand. New Zealand Economic Papers, pp.1-20. Reinforcing sustainable practices by sharing cases of appropriation. (2013). Archives of Design Research. Robin, L. (2003). Environmental Histories of New Zealand. New Zealand Geographer, 59(1), pp.67-68. Robinson, Z. (2012). Sustainability. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions. Rutkauskas, A. (2012). Using Sustainability Engineering to Gain Universal Sustainability Efficiency. Sustainability, 4(12), pp.1135-1153. Skinner, B. (2002). Marketing in the New Millennium:. Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing Management, 13(2), pp.73-80. Thiele, L. (2013). Sustainability. Cambridge: Polity. Verbeek, D. and Mommaas, H. (2008). Transitions to Sustainable Tourism Mobility: The Social Practices Approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(6), p.629.

Social performance of Unilever an Example of the Topic Business Essays by

Social performance of Unilever Introduction: Need essay sample on "Social performance of Unilever" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Every business house, no matter how big or small it is, has some social responsibilities which are needed to be met essentially. The prime goal of a corporate house is not only to run a profitable business and use community resources for its own gain, but also to provide adequate return to the society by taking active part in the development of the society within which it operates. A corporate house should respect and protect human rights and take efficient measures to ensure that they are not engaged in any kind incident relating to abuses of human rights. Not only that, a business house should also work in an environment friendly way. It should ensure that environment does not get deteriorated by its operation; rather it should take some effective measures in order to improve environmental conditions. The United Nation has also recognized social participation of corporate houses. It has taken a huge step in launching the worlds largest initiative for making corporate citizen socially responsible by introducing global compact in 2000 which enacted some universal principles that corporate houses should follow in order to operate in the global market in a more stable way and to build more prosperous and flourishing societies. This global compact launched by the United Nations actually engages players in the private sectors to identify and spread good corporate practices in the areas of human rights, labor rights, protection of the environment, and anti-corruption. (Rasche 2009, 513) The global compact includes ten principles in the areas of human rights, labor eight, environment, and anticorruption that a corporate house should follows. In the areas of human rights, a business house should extend support and respect the protection of human rights within the area of its influence, and ensure that they are not engaged in human rights violations. In case of protection of labor rights, a corporate house should pay respect to the right of collective bargaining and the freedom of labor association, should eliminate all types of compulsory or forced labor, should engage in effective abolition of child labor, and should avoid any sort of discrimination with respect to employment and occupation. As far as the environmental issue is concerned, every business house should undertake precautionary approach to meet environmental challenges, should take initiatives for promoting greater responsibility towards environment, and should encourage the development and implementation of environment friendly technologies. And finally, in the areas of anti-corruption, each business should take active measures against all kinds of corruption including bribery and extortion. (United Nations 2010) This paper will try to analyze how far one of the worlds most renowned corporate houses, Unilever, has performed towards meeting its social responsibilities, in other words to say, this paper seeks to examine to what extent Unilever has been successful in adhering the principles of the global compact. Social performance of Unilever: Unilever is world famous multinational company that owns a number renowned brands in the market of food, home and personal care, beverages etc. It operates on a global platform with a well persified product portfolio including famous brand like Persil, Dove, Flora, Knorr etc. it mainly manufactures food products along with home and personal care products. Its market has become so huge that its market has extended to as many as 150 countries. It has a huge employee base including 227,000 people worldwide. It is fully multinational company in the sense that in every continent, except Antarctica, it has its factories and operational companies. Over the years in order to extend its market power it has been following the method of acquisitions and take overs. Through a number of big acquisitions it now owns as many as 400 brands. (Brands for Life (Unilever 2010, 1)) Being such a large corporate house, the corporate social responsibility of Unilever is also supposed to be huge and it has rightly recognized its responsibility towards the society besides fulfilling its profit making objective. But recognition of responsibility is not enough, rather it is necessary to focus more on those activities which can help identifying the company as a socially responsible corporate house. Thus let us look at the performance of Unilever towards fulfilling its social responsibilities. As far as the companys responsibilities towards protecting the environment is concerned, the company has taken some effective steps towards producing its products in environment friendly ways. For example, it has taken some effective steps towards fulfilling its commitment of buying required palm oil from sustainable sources which are environmentally certified in order to meet the requirement for its businesses in entire Europe, Australia and New Zealand. In 2010, the company has been able to secure sufficient GreenPalm certificates for buying sustainable palm oil. GreenPalm is actually a certificate program for trading in palm oil which has been designed to tackle all sorts of environmental and social problems that are associated with he production of palm oil. However, in spite of gathering enough of GreenPalm certificates, the company has been criticized by Greenpeace fro causing deforestation. In 2008, Greenpeace UK Accused Unilever for securing palm oil from those suppliers who produced palm oil in such a way that the rainforest of Indonesia got damaged. One of the palm oil suppliers of Unilever was also accused of deforestation for the plantations of palm trees which threatened a species of monkey. (Environmental sustainability ((Unilever 2010, 1)) Although there are some criticisms and accusations against Unilever in the areas of environmental issues, one vital point should not be ignored that in all these cases Unilever responded in a positive ways by searching effective methods which should adhere environmental norms. In fact, the attempt of securing enough of GrenPalm certificates is an example of such an effort. Apart from buying palm oil from environmentally certified sources, the company has also taken a vital step towards bringing revolution in the tea industry by making the commitment of buying all its tea from ethical and sustainable sources. Being the owner of the worlds best selling tea brand, Lipton, the company aims at getting all its tea bags environmentally certified in the global market by 2015. This move marks the first step by any tea company in bring new sustainably certified tea in the market on a large scale. The company has established Lipton as a potential brand which can reassure its consumer about the tea sources. It always engages in improving the quality of the tea in an environment friendly way. However, one thing should not be ignored that while the company has trying to secure its raw materials from sustainable sources in order to protect environment, some times it gets accused of dumping of chemical waste. For example, Hindustan Lever, its Indian subsidiary, frequently has criticized for dumping chemical waste even in those places which are protected nature reserves. (Environmental sustainability ((Unilever 2010, 1)) In spite of having some allegations in the areas of protecting environment, the company has been able to establish itself as the first company which has placed due care towards using environment friendly raw materials for its products. This would essentially increase markets for its products and make the company more profitable and thus stakeholder can now get higher pidends. (Brammer, et al. 2005, p. 13) Unilever is also very active towards extending help to the community within the sphere of its influence at the time of need. For example, on January 15, 2010, Unilever had made a monetary donation of $500,000 in partnership with the United Nations World Food Programme to the devastating earth quake victims of Haiti. The company is, however, sometimes criticized for boosting racism through its advertisements. For example, in a recent advertisement of its skin lightening product, fair & Lovely it shows how a dark-skinned lady who used to be ignored by her employers and other men suddenly becomes attractive to all men and get glamorous career, this advertisement seems to be demoralizing for dark-skinned women. Not only that, the company has also introduced a new ice-cream in Austrailia with the name Mohr im Hemd which was earlier used for a chocolate speciality in order to refer naked wild Africans. The company however, refutes such allegations and claims that it has used the name after conducting a broad market study without having any critical feedback. (Respecting Rights (Unilever 2010, 1)) As far as its responsibility towards protecting labor rights is concerned, some important allegations has been made against the company, particularly against its subsidiaries in India and Pakistan. These allegations concerned the issues of use of child labor, site closures, freedom of labor associations, and collective bargaining. Where everyone is soughting for banning child labor, being one of the worlds most renowned MNC, Unilever is accused of using child labor in its manufacturing units. This kind of incident may take the company to the court which would not be very good for its reputation and stakeholder might sell their stakes in the company in the fear of bad outcomes. However, the company has been able to resolve most the complaints. ((Respecting Rights (Unilever 2010, 1)) As far as the areas of protecting human rights are concerned, the company has taken some effective steps. A very interesting point to be noted here is that although the company is criticsed for using child labour, in some areas it has taken some steps to stop exploitation of children. Fopr example, in Brazil, it is working with local community and governments to eliminate exploitation of children in the tomato plantations of its suppliers. Since 2003, the company has been able to protect as many as 22,000 children. The company has also taken some initiatives to improve the health and safety of the farm workers. (Respecting Rights (Unilever 2010, 1)) Conclusion: On the basis of the above analysis, it can be concluded that Unilever is quite aware of its social responsibilities and has made several commitments towards meeting these responsibilities. In fact, it has already started working in these areas. However, it would not be completely right to say that it has placed responsibility towards the society over its profit making objectives as the company still falters in some areas in properly meeting its commitments towards the society. While in one hand it has committed to protect labor rights, on the other hand it is quite active in employing child labor as it would reduce its production costs. The company seems to be more concerned about building its reputation as a socially responsible company by making enough of commitments than fulfilling them on a priority basis and hence very often it is accused of encouraging racism, violating labor rights, violating human rights, damaging environments. However, it should not be ignored that towards protecting the environment it has seriously taken some effective steps. Works cites: Unilever. 2010. Respecting Rights. http://www.unilever.com/sustainability/employees/rights/ (accessed 6th august, 2010) Brammer, S., Brooks, C. and Pavelin, S. 2005. Corporate social responsibility and stock return. UK Evidence from Disaggregate Measures. http://www.hedgefund-index.com/brooks-corporatesocial.pdf (accessed 6th august, 2010) Unilever. 2010. Environmental sustainability. http://www.unilever.com/sustainability/environment/ (accessed 6th august, 2010). Unilever. 2010. Brands for Life. http://www.unilever.com/brands/?WT.GNAV=Our_brands (accessed 6th august, 2010). United Nations. 2010. Global Compact. http://www.unglobalcompact.org/aboutthegc/thetenprinciples/index.html (accessed 6th august, 2010). Rasche, A. 2009. Business and Society. Business Society 48; 511.

The Umayyad Dome Of The Rock Analysis Religion Essay Example

The Umayyad Dome Of The Rock Analysis Religion Essay Example The Umayyad Dome Of The Rock Analysis Religion Essay The Umayyad Dome Of The Rock Analysis Religion Essay The Umayyad Dome of the Rock is one of the cardinal plant of Islamic architecture. At this point, it is deserving adverting the fact that the Umayyad Dome of the Rock is celebrated work of art and architecture, which had a figure of inexplicit significances among which it is possible to individual out political deductions and correlativities to Biblical Bibles. In add-on, the Umayyad Dome of the Rock reveals the impact of external factors, including the impact of Christianity and Judaism on the architecture of the dome. In this respect, it is deserving adverting the fact that, historically, Islam and Judaism were closely intertwined, although Islam had appeared centuries ago since the visual aspect of Judaism and Christianity. In this respect, it is deserving adverting the fact that many specializers ( Cowling, 2005 ) position Judaism as one of the major monotheistic faith, which became the precursor of such universe faiths as Christianity and Islam. In fact, the outgrowth of Islam w as the development of the new faith, which though had a batch of similarities to Judaism and Christianity. In such a context, the similarity between Islam, Christianity and Judaism can be viewed as the consequence of the historical interaction between these faiths. In this respect, it is deserving adverting the fact that the development of Islam was closely intertwined with Judaism and Christianity because representatives of these faiths have interacted since ancient clip. Even though Islam emerged in the 7th century AD, the population converted to Islam had an extended experience of interaction with Judaist, whereas Jews ever lived in Muslim states. In such a manner, the interaction between Islam, Christianity and Judaism was determined by the historical development of both faiths and it was grounded on the vicinity of both civilizations. In such a context, the inexplicit significance of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock reveals non merely concealed Islamic context and significance but besides it reveals the influence of Christianity and Judaism on Islam. At first glimpse the Umayyad Dome of the Rock is the manifestation of the traditional Islamic architecture. In this respect, it is deserving adverting the fact that the Umayyad Dome of the Rock was built in Jerusalem, the metropolis, which was sacred for Muslims every bit good as representatives of other mainstream faiths in the part, such as Judaism and Christianity. At this point, it is of import to put accent on the fact that the sanctity of Jerusalem was, after all, inherited by Islam from Judaism and Christianity ( Rabbat, 14 ) . Therefore, the building of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem was an of import determination and, in all chance, it was determined by the importance of edifice in the political and spiritual context. In fact, the building of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock was the effort to demo the power of Islam and its domination in the Holy City Jerusalem. On the other manus, specializers point out that the Dome of the Rock has no instantly discernable intent or map other than the commemorating 1, and even that is riddled with uncertainnesss ( Rabbat, 12 ) . However, such uncertainness refering the intent of the building of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock is caused by the assortment of deductions refering the significance of the edifice and its intents. In other words, the diverseness of positions on the Umayyad Dome of the Rock leads to the outgrowth of legion readings of the significance of the edifice. At this point, it is deserving adverting the fact that the Umayyad Dome of the Rock represents the manifestation of the Islamic architecture. On the other manus, specializers point out that it is necessary to see the Dome as a memorial which used Biblical intensions and Christian-Byzantine signifiers to enforce Islam s presence in the Holy City. The combination would connote that the new religion considered itself the continuance and the seal of the two predating 1s: Hebraism and Christianity ( Rabbat, 12-13 ) . Such a decision derives from the monumental architecture and the location of the edifice. At this point, it is deserving adverting the fact that the Umayyad Dome of the Rock has incorporated elements of Biblical texts and Bibles. Hence, the Umayyad Dome of the Rock reveals the close links of Islam with other faiths, such as Christianity and Judaism. The similar tendencies between faiths can be traced by similarities of their spiritual constructs and thoughts. For case, Christianity, Islam and Judaism are monotheistic. In this respect, Judaism was one of the first monotheistic faiths, whereas Islam is one of the latest universe faiths, which had gained the public blessing and support of many trusters. Christianity, Judaism and Islam acknowledge one God merely, although each faith has its ain God. In add-on, similarities can be traced in sacred texts and books of Judaism and Islam. At this point, it is deserving adverting the fact that Islam and Judaism have similarities in sacred texts because their sacred texts are interrelated. To set it more exactly, they frequently refer to similar or indistinguishable events in the history and spiritual life of Jews and Muslims. As a consequence, they focus on similar events but the reading of these events every bit good as their inside informations may differ depending on the faith. Hence, the elements of Biblical texts and Christian and Judaist constructs can be traced in the Umayyad Dome of the Rock. At the same clip, it is possible to presuppose that the Biblical elements in the Umayyad Dome of the Rock can be determined by the effort of designers to demo the power of Islam and its high quality in respect to other faiths. In such a manner, the Umayyad Dome of the Rock could typify the high quality of Islam because it showed that all Biblical texts and sacred texts of Christianity and Judaism were incorporated in the Umayyad Dome of the Rock that implies their subordination to Islam. In add-on, specializers ( Rabbat, 15 ) point out the political deductions of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock. What is meant here is the fact that the Umayyad Dome of the Rock could be constructed to the show the power of the opinion dynasty. To set it more exactly, the opinion dynasty efforts to demo its regard to God and faith. In such a context, the building of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock was the manifestation of the effort of the governing dynasty to go forth its hint in history of Islam and to demo its power. At the same clip, the building of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock implied that the opinion dynasty is ageless because its regulation will last every bit long as the Umayyad Dome of the Rock bases. In such a context, the Umayyad Dome of the Rock has a symbolic political significance. In add-on, the edifice was constructed in Jerusalem, which was non merely the spiritual centre but besides the topic of heat political battle. For case, Crusades ever aimed at the invasion of Jerusale m, whereas Muslims ever attempted to continue the metropolis as the Holy City of Islam. Therefore, taking into history all above mentioned, it is of import to put accent on the fact that the Umayyad Dome of the Rock had multiple significances and deductions. In this respect, it is possible to individual out the spiritual, political and cultural deductions of the building of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock. The chief point of the building of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock was to demo the high quality of Islam and Islamic civilization over others and to demo the power of the governing dynasty under which the Umayyad Dome of the Rock was constructed. In such a manner, the Umayyad Dome of the Rock became a symbol of Islam in Jerusalem.

SC2C67C Rights, social justice and diversity. (Criminology subject) Essay

SC2C67C Rights, social justice and diversity. (Criminology subject) - Essay Example His major thesis was that the basic equalities that we all share as ‘citizens’ in modern western industrialized democracies have the effect of reducing or ameliorating basic inequalities. In T.H. Marshall’s view, citizenship should mean an enhancement in the concrete substance of civil life, a general reduction of risk and insecurity, an equalisation between the more and less fortunate people in all areas and at all levels (p.1965). The main purpose of citizenship according to T.H. Marshall is to achieve a fuller measure of equality, an enrichment of the various aspects of which the status is made, and an increase in the number of those on whom the status of citizenship is bestowed. Equalisation is not so much between classes as between individuals within a population which is now taken as one class. Equality of status is considered to be more important than equality of income (Dwyer, 2004: p.1965). The rights of citizenship: Dwyer (2004: p.1965) states that T.H. Marshall had delineated three rights, as integral to citizenship: civil (legal), political and social: The civil element is composed of the rights necessary for individual freedom – liberty of the person, freedom of speech, thought and faith, the right to own property and to conclude valid contracts, and the right to justice. The political element is the right to participate in the exercise of political power, which includes universal suffrage, which is the right to vote without restrictions such as property qualifications, and the right to hold public office. The social element is the whole range from the right to basic economic welfare and security, to the right to share in the full in the social heritage, and to live a civilized life according to the standards prevailing in society (Dwyer, 2004: p.1965). The duties of citizenship: Corresponding to the rights are the duties of citizenship: paying taxes and insurance contributions, education

Societal Forces Affecting Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Societal Forces Affecting Science - Essay Example Half were given an application from a â€Å"male† applicant. The other half were given the identical application, from a â€Å"female†. The allegedly female applicant was consistently marked as a less competent and less likely candidates than were the allegedly male applicants (Yuriewicz). Thus, gender bias definitely exists in the scientific community, and it blocks equality of opportunity (Yuriewicz). Masculine bias would obviously shape the field of science significantly. The findings strongly indicated that female scientists also rated male applicants as more competent and more likely candidates (Yuriewicz). This indicates that the bias in those who pride themselves on objectivity is sub-conscious, and unquestioned. This effect can and should be minimized through gender bias awareness training, and through a more objective applicant screening process, one carried out by a computer program, for example. A positive influence bias in science is the strong bias for journal publication and citation search indexes to include only English research articles (Granda-Orive, Solano-Reina and Jimenez-Ruiz 104). There is a negative influence, in that language, not quality, positions papers to be cited and quoted (104). Yet, there is a positive influence in that language and thought are closely intertwined, and it is beneficial to the advancement of scientific knowledge for there to be a global base from which to theorize. Replication is part of the scientific method, so common language brings common understanding and a common framework within which to communicate. The negative effect can and should be minimized by maintaining a citation database for non-English papers, but the positive influence of this bias outweighs the negative impact, and should be

Online Privacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Online Privacy - Research Paper Example Most U.S citizens dont want to be watched while surfing on the Internet or sending text messages to their friends. This essay will argue that the Constitution should protect the privacy of all online users. People, especially the ones who work for the government prefer that privacy continue to be monitored than staying private. It is right that having access to Internet research is strongly useful for police because of criminals that are online users. However, Government should recognize that watching Internet research of US citizens affects their privacy. Firstly because staying anonymous is impossible today, people who want to stay anonymous can’t live in the society. Everything in everyday life requires our personal information. Secondly because some sources of information picked up by the government could be wrong and these mistakes have important impacts on innocent people. And thirdly because online misuse is a breach of the constitution, knowing everything on people thanks to these new technologies is unconstitutional. A lot of technology is being invented and reinvented every day. This is makes technology dynamic which is the major reason as to why the government should prevent invasion on any individual’s privacy (Colbridge, 2012; Price 2012). Individuals have the right to privacy, Kyllo v. United States: technology v. Individual’s privacy, Colbridge, poses the question â€Å"do individuals have an actual expectation that their activities will remain private?† (337). It is from this statement that Calbridge backs it by saying that the fourth amendment expresses that the government should have a search warrant when it does an invasion. When one is online it can be said that he is on a private situation and trying to grasp what he is doing can qualify to be a form of intrusion to privacy. As much as the privacy of online users is permitted the

Work Based Learning as an Assessment Tool

Work Based Learning as an Assessment Tool Flanagan (2000) defines work-based learning as a collection of acquired knowledge, work experience and basic knowledge. It uses formal structure and the learner management to increase learning and professional development opportunities in the workplace. This definition also includes learning at work and educational activities which enables reflection, values the learners experience and learning opportunities in practice and which enhance the development of professional knowledge. Barr (2002) suggests that learning can occur at the work place or outside of work with the plan of improving work performance. In the context of health care, work-based learning has the potential to meet the needs of nurses by promoting learning that is practice driven (Walker and Dewar 2000). It allow students to find the learning abilities of their experiences, link learning to practice and interpret learning for the purpose of assessment (Swallow et al 2001). It is in view of these operational definitions that I delivered a training during one of my teams practice development sessions on Using KGV as an Assessment Tool. KGV was first published by three Psychiatrists in 1977 by; Krawiecka M, Goldberg D, and Vaughn M. as a standardised psychiatric assessment scale for rating chronic psychotic patient (Gamble, C. Brennan, G. 2000). It was later revised by Stuart Lancashier in 1996 called Manchester Symptom Severity Scale. This is to enables the user to express and measure the severity of those psychotic symptoms that are most commonly experienced by people who have psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Corrigan et al (2001) argues that there is evidence that work-based training which is interactive with staff and practice development approaches can bring improved outcomes (McCormack et al 2006). These focus on the team in the practice setting, enabling staff to learn new practices together. In this case the training delivered adopts a bottom-up approach tailored more to team needs and, as a result, stronger ownership of the practices being developed at the end. Participants Profile Nine band 5 staff nurses and Six healthcare assistant, from two adjacent single-sex acute admission inpatient wards, took part in the session. This was a relatively mature group: six were over 40 years old and nine under 30 years of age. Some staff has never been formally trained and some need to be refreshed on the use of the tool to make them more versatile. Most had been qualified for many years and they had been working on the wards for over six years. Given the differing range of skills among participants, an important feature was flexibility of approach to meet each learners needs. The main components of the approach adopted included the following: Therapeutic skills teaching because of the topic. A key aspect was the development of a strategic approach to encounters with service users in preference to random dialogue in using this assessment tool. The overall approach aimed to enable participants to change by becoming more self-determined in their team and being more facilitat ive, rather than custodial, in their role with service users when using the assessment tool. The session started by introducing myself and the rest of the team followed. The aim of the session was explained which is to further develop staff knowledge of the use of KGV as an assessment tool within the acute inpatient admission wards. The objective was also elicited; at the end of the session staff are expected to be able to use KGV as an assessment tool to enhance patient care. The team were asked open question to begin with to encourage participant to talk, and to ascertain their needs and expectation of the session. This is also to determine how much they know about the subject. This approach was achieved based on the psychological learning theory described by Kolb (1984), which relates to experiential learning. This involve asking questions which encourage reflection, conceptualisation, and ways of testing the ideas. Learning Theories Psychologists have attempted to explain how the process of learning occurs. The main theories are explored in the context of the clinical environment, and lifelong learning. Behaviourism Psychologists from the behavioural school believe that the environment is crucial to learning: if the environment is right, learning occurs as links are made between what is offered and how people respond to it. (Quinn 2001). In this instance the room used for the session was spacious and well ventilated. The sitting arrangement was oval shape that enabled interactions between everybody in the room. It is secluded and away from the noisy environment on the ward that prevents interruptions. Although often criticised for emphasising performance at the expense of the individuals thoughts and feelings (Quinn 2001), behaviourism has some areas that are beneficial, particularly in the area of skills building and this is particular relevant to the session. Skinner (1990) concluded that hard processes need t o be learned in stages, each stage being organised and built on previous ones. Cognitive theories consider learning as an unconscious process that involves higher order mental activities such as memory, perception, thinking, problem-solving, reasoning and concept formation. Cognitive theories were built in response to behaviourist theories and include meaningful learning and discovery learning (Atkinson et al 1990). Learning occurs according to the relations between new information that the individual accumulates, and the specifically relevant structures that the learner already has (Ausubel 1968). The session was delivered to ensure the interaction results in the assimilation or incorporation of both new and existing information to form a more detailed cognitive structure (Quinn 2001). This implies that information is not just added to the old in a cumulative way; rather it acts on the current knowledge and both are changed into a more recent and detailed cognitive structure. The students starting point is an important principle of Ausubels (1968) theory. With this in mind one of the first thing I did was to ask all the participants to explain their current understanding and/or previous experience of using the KGV. This enabled me as a facilitator to relate learning more closely to individual needs thereby achieving greater effectiveness and saving valuable time. Humanistic psychology and learning is a general term for a group of theories that emerged in response to scientific explanations of the person. It is concerned with the self distinctly human qualities such as personal freedom and choice, and places value on individual experiences (Tennant 1986). Among the humanistic psychologists Rogers (1983) and Maslow (1968) developed theories based on their experience in clinical psychology. They indicated that humans beings have two main needs a need for growth and development and a need for positive regard by others. The above thoeorists focus on how individuals perceive and interpret events rather than on objective scientific interpretation. Rogers (1983) applied to education his extensive experience of observing clients learning through client-centred therapy, concluding that learning is essentially a helping process. This is reflected in the key features that form the basis of his humanistic approach to learning that education should be student-centred and that the teacher becomes a facilitator of learning. The features of the humanistic approach are summarised by Joyce and Weil (1986): individuals have a natural drive to learn, learning can be enhanced by using experience and self-evaluation which promotes independence and creativity. The whole session was interactive and participants were encouraged to be expressive on the topic since some has been using it before. Hinchliff (2004) suggests that social learning theory can be seen as part of the behavioural approach, although it relates with the cognitive areas. It is defined by Atkinson et al (1990) as: learning by watching the behaviour of others and observing what consequences it produces for them. It is often described as learning by sitting next to Nellie, and is probably one of the most common ways that learning takes place in clinical areas. Quinn (2001) believes that people learn by the type behaviour they observe and how they express difficult feelings , although ultimately the quality of the learning depends on the quality expressed by the role model. The scoring system when using KGV is a bit complex, I went through this process with the team and actually completed one to make it practical. Reece Walker (2002) suggests adult learners are able to learn more using humanist approach rather than behaviouristic principle. A humanistic approach was used in facilitating this session because it emphasises the effective aspects of man as being of equal importance to the cognitive and psychomotor elements however a bit of each theory was used (eclectic approach). During the session I was able to encourage participants participation, a relationship of mutual trust can promote the natural potential for growth and development. It was also remembered that for some of us, the deepest learning and the best performances have occurred in the most anxiety-provoking situations. Adopting a humanistic approach does not mean that students were protected from such situations. Rather, they were all supported and guided through them. Skinner (1990) argues that praises and rewards can be used as a positive reinforcement and should be given immediately and regularly to have an impact on the individual. When there is a delay in giving praise and reward, this would no longer have effective because it would not be linked to the behaviour. Hinchliff ( 2004) stated that reward can take form of smiles, nods and verbal encouragement, all these were put into use during the session with the learners. Teaching Methods: Knowles (1984) explains the theory of andragogy as a process through which adult learners takes in knowledge differently to children. He uses the term andragogy to describe the way in which adults learn, and pedagogy to describe how children learn. The andragogical approach to teaching includes of seven elements which a facilitator should take into consideration (Knowles 1984): Setting the climate for learning This involves both the physical and psychological environment and takes account of mutual respect, seating arrangements, working together, supportiveness, openness and being real and a climate of humaneness. In this instance the room used for the session was spacious and well ventilated. The sitting arrangement was oval shape that enabled interactions between everybody in the room. It is secluded and away from the noisy environment on the ward that prevented service users from knocking at the door. Power point was used to present the teaching material that was projected to the wall, this made it visible and distance between the participants and the wall was appropriate. Involving learners in mutual planning The two teams were involved jointly organising and arranging learning opportunities in line with the participants identified learning needs. This was led by two team leaders. Involving learners in identifying their learning needs This is was achieved through discussion with the participants in the light of the focus on the topic. Decision was too focused on the application of KGV and to make it relevant to our client group. Involving learners in the formulation of objectives Prior arrangement had taken place between the two leader of the two acute ward on re enforcement of using KGV on the two units. This was discussed in staff meetings. Involving learners in the design of lesson plans all the participant were aware of the rudiments of practice development forum and the learning contract was tailored to ensure that teaching is centred on the needs of participants and was delivered at their level. Helping learners to carry out their learning plans This is made possible by the facilitator. There was prior arrangement between the facilitator and the participants to read around the subject. Involving learners in evaluating their learning This should include qualitative as well as quantitative evaluation. This was done at the end of the session and all participants filled in a form that has ten questions regarding the session. There was also discussions on how we can improve our forum to make it more relevant to our need. A follow up session was arranged to support staff progress. Reece and Walker (2002) believe that adult learning theory is highly relevant to professions such as nursing, suggesting that facilitators need to provide an appropriate and individualised patient-centred learning that meet patients needs. Andragogy is similar to the humanistic psychology approach to learning as both support shared responsibility for learning and a learner centred approach. Staff Nurses are adults and, as such, are encouraged to take responsibility for their learning. Knowles (1984) seven elements above provide a useful framework for encouraging learning, based on the identified needs of students. Knowles (1990) believed that andragogy would give the field of adult education a balanced theory and a sense of unity. While pedagogy is defined as the art and science of educating young children, and viewed andragogy as any intentionally and professionally guided activity that aims to bring about a change in adults. Andragogy therefore supports a proactive approach to learning in which enquiry and freedom feature predominantly. It has much in common with the student-centred approach. To achieve the goal of this session, andragogical process was used. By adopting the above learning strategies, participants felt effectively supported as adult learner and became relaxed. Two main principles that apply are; student-teacher relationship and learning environment. Learning Styles: Sutcliffe (1993) investigated whether nurses preferred learning styles varied according to subject area studied. The results suggested that there was a change in learning style as different subjects were studied. Other factors emerging were the importance of prior learning experience, they wish to share, acknowledge and the need for close relation between theory and practice. Thus, learning style preferences influence the way in which students respond to an educational programme in relation to mastering its goals and objectives. The topic of the session is familiar but we were trying to re validate it and see how we can better enhance patient care. At the start of the session when the an open question was asked not many responded considering the fact that it a familiar topic to some. Kolb (1985) asserts that it is important for individuals to understand their learning styles so that they can increase their effectiveness as learners. Divergers excel in concrete experience and reflective observation. As with any behavioural model, these styles of learning are dynamic. Nonetheless, most individuals exhibit strong preferences for a given learning style. However, Kolb et al (1995) maintain that each individuals learning style is not necessarily static and that in using them there is a need to prevent the danger of being stereotyped. Honey and Mumford (2001) developed their learning styles questionnaire as a variation on Kolbs model. The four learning styles are: Activists who are dominated by immediate experiences and mainly interested in the here and now. They like to initiate new challenges and to be the centre of attention. I realised most are not forthcoming in responding to some of questions asked and at times lots of prompts before any response. Reflectors are observers of experiences and prefer to analyse them thoroughly before taking action. They are good listeners, cautious and tend to adopt a low profile. As the session progresses participants became more open and interactive possibly after they have ascertain and able to analysis the theory behind the subject in question. Theorists like to adopt a logical and reasonable approach to problem-solving but need structure with a clear purpose or goal. Theorists learn least well when asked to do something without apparent purpose, when activities are unstructured and ambiguous and when emotion is emphasised. There was a great deal of participation when we work through a scenario. Pragmatists are keen on trying out ideas and techniques to see if they work in practice. They are essentially practical, down-to-earth people, who like making decisions and solving problems. The four learning styles: activist, reflector, theorist and pragmatist overlap and are a product of combinations of the learning from stages of experience. On a whole it will be fair to say that the class is mixed with all the learning styles. Evaluation: The session was evaluated by the way of interaction between myself and the participants. One of the highlights was the pace of the delivery, it was too fast but this was due to the time constrain. However the participants did commend the quality of handouts which can serve as reference point for individual and the knowledge of the facilitator of the subject matter. The participant did agreed that a follow up session will be useful to evaluate how much impact the session has on care delivery on the two wards and this will be in relation to multi disciplinary working. Conclusion: With the complexity and degree of change in practice, nurses are being encouraged to take responsibility for their learning. Work-based learning aims to encourage the student to be an autonomous learner. The delivery of work-based learning moves away from the concept of the teacher imparting knowledge towards the model of the teacher being a facilitator of learning (Chapman and Howkins 2003). This method of learning is consistent with the underlying philosophy of adult-centred learning (Knowles et al 2005). This is where adult learners are responsible for their learning which is self-directed and have a readiness to learn. However, even when adults are willing to assume responsibility for their own learning, they will have different aptitudes for certain kinds of learning (Russell 1990). McCormack et al (2006) reckons that work-based learning is not a panacea to providing effective learning that leads to effective practice, the consensus however is that it offers many benefits. Delivering the session on KGV has enhanced my port folio as individual and gives our practice development forum more recognition. It has also contributed to learning environment and training of staff within the clinical environment which will enhance patient care.

Andrew Jackson :: Biography Biographies Bio

Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States of America, was born on March 15, 1767 in the Waxhaw’s area near the border of North and South Carolina. His parents lived in North Carolina but historians are not sure exactly where. Jackson was the third son of Scots - Irish parents. His father died a few weeks before he was born in a logging accident. His mother, Elizabeth Hutchison Jackson was a strong independent woman. After Jackson’s father died she was able to raise their three sons while they lived with one of her sisters. When Andrew was nine years old the Declaration of Independence was wrote and signed. Then when he was only thirteen he joined the Continental Army as a courier. The Revolution hurt the Jackson family. All three boys saw the front lines. Andrew’s oldest brother Hugh, died in the Battle of Stono Ferry. Then two years later Andrew and Robert, his other older brother, were taken for prisoners for a few weeks in April of 1781.They both got smallpox and within a few days of getting let go Robert died. Later on that year Elizabeth Jackson went to Charleston to nurse American prisoners of war. There she contracted either ship fever or cholera and died. After the war was over, Andrew found himself an orphan and an only child at 14. The next year and a half he spent living with relatives and being apprenticed to a saddle maker. He taught school for a short time after the war but did not enjoy it. When he was seventeen he went to Salisbury, North Carolina which is where he studied law for a few years. He was admitted in to the North Carolina Bar in September of 1787. In June of 1796 Tennessee separated from North Carolina and admitted to the Union as the 16th state. Andrew was soon elected Tennessee’s first congressman. He was also elected as a U.S. senator but resigned after only one session. He then went home and became a judge for six years on the Tennessee Supreme Court. Andrew’s military career which had all started when he was only 13 years old became even more successful when he was elected major general of the Tennessee militia. Jackson later lead troops during the First Seminole War in Florida. General Jackson came from the battlefields of the War of 1812 a national hero. It was during this time he got his nickname which is â€Å"Old Hickory.

Assignment Unit 303 Support Learning Activities Essay

Mrs S the class teacher, the children and I sat on the carpet and Mrs S asked the children to identify different value coins by sight. I was then asked by Mrs S to help year 1 yellow table with counting coins and recognising the value of money. Mrs C gave each table various amounts of 1 pence, 2 pence, 5 pence and 10 pence coins. I asked all of my table to sit down properly. One child was kneeling on her chair so I explained that she needed to sit down so that she didn’t slip and so that everybody could see. The children initially kept grabbing at the money so I stated that they would all get a turn individually and to leave the coins alone for the moment. Each child was then asked in turn from left to right to work out how many 1 pence pieces were in 2 pence, 5 pence and 10 pence. I referred to the number line on the wall opposite to demonstrate adding and counting. I recognised that one of the children on my table was very quiet and timid, he was reluctant to join in at first as a lot of the other children were talking over him. I asked the table to be quiet so that he could concentrate. I then asked him to count all the 1 pence pieces on the table, he responded well and showed good counting skills, after he had finished I asked if he fully understood all of the task and he replied with a smile. I then worked with the table as a group and we discussed what sort of job involved counting money. Some of the table gave good examples such as working in a shop or bank. A couple of the children appeared to have a greater knowledge of money and addition so whilst the rest of the table continued to discuss money I asked the remaining two to work out bigger sums i.e: how many 1 pence pieces were in two 10 pence pieces and how many 2 pence pieces made up 10 pence.  Also how many 5 pence pieces were in 20 pence. I monitored their ability to count up in twos and fives they both answered quickly and correctly and seemed to enjoy the task. We then counted the coins again individually, as the children were responding I praised each one stating â€Å"well done†. Unfortunately one child didn’t get a turn at the final task because we had run out of time. I asked her if she understood all that we had done and she replied â€Å"yes† Mrs S said it was nearly break time so I asked all of the children to listen to me and tidy away quickly and quietly and explained that if they did this our table would be rewarded with a trophy. Mrs S tied a yellow ribbon around the trophy and awarded our table with it. The children were elated. She then asked me how each child had responded. I explained that they all fully understood the task in hand and although one child did not get time for the final task, she did fully understand. I explained to Mrs S that two of the children I monitored showed a better understanding of Mathematics and money so I decided to progress further with them to maintain their interest and not distract the others. The table all enjoyed the discussion which was carried out without the need to shout out or jump about on their seats. For future reference I will pay close attention to the time required to complete the task to ensure that each child gets the same amount of turns.

How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. Essay Example

How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. Essay Example How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. Essay How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. Essay How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. At the age of fourteen, I had my first puff of smoke. Even before that I knew a lot of cigarette brands due to advertising. Since then I started smoking and when I went to cafeterias and clubs the people who were promoting cigarettes would offer me a new brand to try and gave me free packs of cigarettes and a lighter with their brand. They didn’t mind how old I was, they just wanted to give them away and promote their product. But except this kind of advertisement, I had seen lots of tobacco advertisements on billboards which made me believe that everything is ok if I smoke. This is a false impression that tobacco advertisements picture to teenagers. Tobacco advertisements influence teenagers by glamorizing smoking. The World Health Organization blamed the advertisers for attracting young people, by representing cigarettes with being glamorous, energetic and attractive (BBC News 1). Except that, is how big the billboards are (see fig. 1 and fig. 2). Fig. 1. Photograph of a billboard advertising Peter Stuyvesant cigarettes Fig. 2. Billboard, featuring a man leaning against a boat and smoking, with the caption Slow Down. Pleasure Up. Even teenagers can see these big advertisements and they imitate what they see from different media which influences them into smoking. Although tobacco advertisers say that their advertisements are aimed for adults, yet this is not true because teenagers imitate those images . The glamorization of tobacco, the positive impression which teenagers get from tobacco advertising and the effects of advertisement are the main reasons why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be banned. Banning tobacco advertisements at places where teenagers are able to see them, means ban at all public places which leads to violation of companies’ rights. Young people go everywhere and since the advertisements are put everywhere the advertisers wont be able to advertise tobacco anymore. This means that the advertisers might lose their jobs. But there will be no violation of companies rights if they advertise their product in a different way. The cigarette expenses’ were replaced by advertising cigarettes with another way without profits or loss of the advertisers jobs. This has been tested in a number of European Union countries, which have banned tobacco advertising (Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship 2). They will still be able to advertise their product but only to adults. A way for the advertisers to do that, is to make a magazine advertising all the cigarette brands, in a way of attracting smokers. And this magazine be purchased only by adults over the age of twenty five years old and the salesmen should always ask for an identity. Another way to advertise cigarettes at adult smokers, is to offer them free packs of cigarettes at cafes and clubs. But also ask for an identity before giving them the free pack. The first main reason why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be forbidden is that the advertisers glamorize smoking. They use billboards, bus stops, the movies and kiosks (see fig. 3) to advertise cigarettes. Fig. 3. A new stand in Athens with a tent with a Davidoff advertisement. They present the Davidoff cigarettes with a sexy, successful, rich and smart man. Also they have put the slogan â€Å"the more you know† which gives the impression that smoking Davidoff will make you know more things or become smarter. They have glamorized their product in such a way for teenagers to believe that if they smoke Davidoff they will be successful, rich and smart. The advertisements create the image of smoking as cool, acceptable and popular among independent, active and fun-loving people. The advertisements at billboards and bus stops are presented in the same way. The bad thing with the bus stops advertisements is that they are placed not even a meter from the ground, where even a baby can see and touch them. But in the movies there is a big deference, because there are actors and actresses which are successful and well known and the glamorization effectiveness is bigger than in any other advertisement. The second reason why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be forbidden is the positive impression which teenagers get from tobacco advertising. When teenagers see a tobacco advertisement showing smokers who are pictured with lots of friends, they feel they want to be cool or successful socially. This is how the advertisements play into the natural insecurities of young people. Also when the teenagers see the Virginia Slims advertisements they get the impression that smoking will make them beautiful and thinner. But this is not true, because it destroys the beauty. The tobacco companies use this confusion that many young people think (KQED). The advertisements connect smoking with romantic relationships. Because many people want to feel emotionally secure and physically attractive advertisements create a false impression between smoking and finding the soul-mate. Another way to advertise their product is to put healthy, successful and thin role models to act in such a way to attract teens. A recent report from the National Cancer Institute strongly suggests that tobacco advertising and the depiction of cigarette smoking in movies can encourage teenagers to start smoking (Hayes 1). Also Hausa film Industry stars glamorize the smoking of cigarettes and the rate of this glamorization is very big. Young people imitate the actors and actresses, who are passing a fake message to young people, that smoking can bring success and popularity. Although it is an unreal message and young people should be aware of it because there are a lot of dangers if they believe it (Triumph Weekend 1). The advertisers try to convince teenagers that smoking is a mature adult activity creating them the feeling that if they smoke they will be as much mature as an adult. But nothing from the feelings they create is true because smoking can’t make people smarter, thinner, attracting, beautiful even more mature. The third reason why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be forbidden is the effect which advertisements have on young people. Young people imitate what they see from different media and children are influenced into smoking from tobacco advertising. Although the companies say that advertising is aimed for adults yet they know that younger teenagers imitate the older images of cigarettes which are shown (Donnellan 8). The teenagers who own a tobacco promotional item and could name a brand of cigarettes were more than twice as likely to become smokers (Benier 1). This is a fact that the tendency which teenagers have to imitate the advertisements of cigarettes leads to the bad habit of smoking. The more exposed teenagers are to advertising the most likely are to become smokers. And smoking leads to the bad effects of tobacco use. The boy or girl you like will go away if you smell cigarette smoke. But this is nothing in comparison to the effects of smoking on every organ of your body. The tobacco smoke harms the health of the person who smokes (Hazard 1). Concluding, cigarette advertisements targeting young people should be banned to protect the teenagers from this unhealthy activity. The call by the World Health organization for a ban on advertising of smoking was published in May, the day before the World No tobacco day. This is a part of a 2008 effort to prevent tobacco companies from making advertisements attracting young people to smoke. Because the more tobacco advertisements young people see, the most they are likely to smoke (Chan 1). â€Å"Advertising and Children’s Use of Tobacco’’. National Institute of Media and Family. 18 Nov. 2004. 16 March 2009 mediafamily. org/facts/facts_tobacco. shtml. Bronwyn, Lamay. â€Å" Busting The Tobacco Ads†. KQCD Education. 2001. 26 May 2009 http://uw. kqed. org/edresources/plan. . â€Å"Call To Ban All Tobacco Adverts†. BBC News 31 May 2008. 24 Apr. 2009 newsvote. bbc. co. uk/. Chan, Margaret. Who Calls for Banning all Tobacco Advertising, Promotion. Nations Health 38. 6(Aug. 008): 21. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Amer. Coll. of Gr. Libraries, Athens, Gr. 9 rill 2009 ;http://web. ebscohost. com;. Donnellan, Craig, ed. â€Å"Children and Smoking†. Smoking and your Health. Vol. 86. Ser. 362. 2. Cambridge: Independence, 2004. Hayes, Susan. â€Å"Smoke Screen†. NewsBank Popular Periodicals Jan. 2009: 16 Hazard, Andrea. †Å"It Stinks To Smoke†. NewsBank Popular Periodicals Nov. 2008:32 â€Å"Hausa Film Stars Glamorize Smoking Of Cigarettes†. Triumph Weekend 17 March 2007. â€Å"Industry Arguments†. Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship. Nov. 2008 8 June 2009. ; tobaccofreecenter. org;.

Sample Grooms Wedding Speech Writers Rescue You in the Most Crucial Moments

Sample Grooms Wedding Speech Writers Rescue You in the Most Crucial Moments Sample Grooms Wedding Speech: Writers Rescue You in the Most Crucial Moments A wedding is one of the most important days in our lives. You’re usually so busy preparing for this day that you may not even have time to write a wedding speech. In this case, you need some help. Of course, you can refer to any number of wedding speech writers to create it for you, but it’s better to craft your own. If you want to create a masterpiece, you’ll need to know what you’re shooting for. Take a look at this sample groom’s wedding speech to get some ideas for your own one. I want to begin today by saying that I would never have been standing here if it were not for my friend Jake. He introduced me to Elena at the beginning of my sophomore year, and although Jake couldn’t be here today since he is currently serving his country on a deployment with the Air Force, he’s the reason for my greatest happiness. Over the past few months, my beautiful wife has been searching for the perfect dress. She visited stores, she looked online, she even went to a theatre sale trying to find just the right thing. It happens that our community theatre has several wedding dresses that they are getting rid of at a great price, and those who know Elena and me, know how much we love getting great deals. But when Elena came home and told me that she’d found the perfect dress at the theatre sale I couldn’t help, but keep picturing something from The Bride of Frankenstein. Elena looks good in anything, but I didn’t want to have to paint my face green to match. When she walked in today, I knew that my fears had been in vain, because I saw walking toward me the most elegant, exquisite woman in the whole world – and she found the perfect dress to make me feel that I’m the luckiest man alive. Naturally, I also want to thank Patricia and Kevin for the way that they’ve made me feel a part of the family. They’ve welcomed me with open arms and just a couple of shotgun jokes since I first came home with Elena for Thanksgiving and that’s not something that everyone is lucky enough to have. Since I lost my own parents three years ago in a car accident, it’s been hard to feel alone in the world, although my brother Greg has been a great comfort to me, and I’m grateful to have him as my best man today. He really is the best man that I know. I wouldn’t have said that when he was stealing my girlfriends in high school with his devilish good looks, but now that I have Elena, it’s just as well he did. Having him here by my side is an honor and I’ll be proud to do the same next year when he marries Kate. I will also be remiss if I do not thank Elena’s bridesmaids, Rania and Tamika. They have not only stood by Elena and done everything from lending her jewelry to finding us cheap airline tickets to Bali, but they’ve taken a lot off my shoulders helping to plan the honeymoon and getting us the best caterer around town. Just as we’ve had so much help planning this day and getting here together, we feel that we have all of you supporting us as we begin married life together, and we’re grateful for you all. Thank you so much for being here and for helping us become the people that we are today. References: Bell, S. (2016, June 07). 7 Tips for Avoiding a Wedding Toast Disaster. Retrieved December 27, 2016, from nytimes.com/2016/06/12/fashion/weddings/7-tips-for-avoiding-a-wedding-toast-disaster.html?_r=0 Busfield, S. (2010, July 13). A mans guide to marriage: the speeches. Retrieved December 27, 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jul/13/mans-guide-marriage-speeches Ehrenfeld, T. (2009, November 21). To the Happy Couple, and My YouTube Clip. Retrieved December 27, 2016, from nytimes.com/2009/11/22/fashion/weddings/22FIELD.html Feiler, B. (2012, June 16). The Art of the Wedding Toast. Retrieved December 27, 2016, from nytimes.com/2012/06/17/fashion/the-art-of-the-wedding-toast.html Feiler, B. (2015, June 20). Turning to a Ghostwriter for a Personal Toast. Retrieved December 27, 2016, from nytimes.com/2015/06/21/style/toast-whisperers-ghostwriters-personal-speeches.html Foster, B. L. (2016, June 07). It’s a Wedding Toast. What Could Go Wrong? Retrieved December 27, 2016, from nytimes.com/2016/06/12/fashion/weddings/its-a-wedding-toast-what-could-go-wrong.html Gladwell, M. (2014, August 09). Malcolm Gladwell: how I ruined my best friends wedding. Retrieved December 27, 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/aug/09/malcolm-gladwell-how-i-ruined-best-friends-wedding If you are looking for professional custom speech writing services to get your wedding speech written by experts, dont hesitate to contact us.